A new theory explaining the rise of homo sapiens and the fall of homo neanderthalensis is detailed in the Economist.com's Homo Economicus?
SINCE the days of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, advocates of free trade and the division of labour, including this newspaper, have lauded the advantages of those economic principles. Until now, though, no one has suggested that they might be responsible for the very existence of humanity. But that is the thesis propounded by Jason Shogren, of the University of Wyoming, and his colleagues. For Dr Shogren is suggesting that trade and specialisation are the reasons Homo sapiens displaced previous members of the genus, such as Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man), and emerged triumphant as the only species of humanity.
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One theory is that Homo sapiens had more sophisticated tools, which gave him an advantage in hunting or warfare. Another is that the modern human capacity for symbolic thinking (manifest at that time in the form of cave paintings and carved animal figurines) provided an edge. Symbolic thinking might have led to more sophisticated language and better co-operation. But according to Dr Shogren's paper in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, it was neither cave paintings nor better spear points that led to Homo sapiens's dominance. It was a better economic system.
One thing Homo sapiens does that Homo neanderthalensis shows no sign of having done is trade. The evidence suggests that such trade was going on even 40,000 years ago. Stone tools made of non-local materials, and sea-shell jewellery found far from the coast, are witnesses to long-distance exchanges. That Homo sapiens also practised division of labour and specialisation is suggested not only by the skilled nature of his craft work, but also by the fact that his dwellings had spaces apparently set aside for different uses.
This theory hasn't come to be viewed as anthropological dogma knowledge and it will have a hell of a time becoming accepted by anti-globalization anthropologists. This is unfortunate, given that the process which we are seeing currently on a global scale would seem to parallel what happened in pre-history.
But this misses the larger point. If economics (i.e., trade and specialization) is a fundamental part of the human evolutionary success, and not some kind of metastatizing growth particular to artificial civilization run amok, then an entire rethinking of human history and development is necessary. Too-often, post-colonial anthroplogy begins and ends its efforts to understand economics -- a most human activity -- in terms of 15th to 18th century mercantilism or structure/superstructure marxism.
Consider the possibility that the fundamental human activity is trade, related, but not identical, to cultural pursuits, war, or governance. This would seem to reflect the vast majority of our history and present circumstances. It would also suggest that societies which arranges themselves upon the latter at the expense of the former are by definition nihilist, in that they, at best, do not seek to sustain themselves, and at worst, characterize a headlong plunge into orgiastic self-destruction.
If this new theory leads to a paradigm shift -- and my gut feeling is that it will -- it will revolutionize the manner in which we view our own species and its activities. It will destroy the contemporary anthropology, which, resting on its post-feminist methodology of kinship and folklore study, has come to favor -- and defend -- arbitrary statical representation of human cultures, as opposed to the dynamic give-and-take which we witness in our day-to-day affairs. The only obstacle to this would be the nature of anthropology curricula -- the social scientists would need to learn calculus and macro-economics, not basket-weaving and mythology.